Smuggling. Article I,17/07/1879 - Rambling Recollections of Berriedale, Badbea, and Neighbourhood - Part B

Smuggling background for Article I

Making whisky was part of the fibre of every day existence for Scots. There were a number of parliamentary interventions to impose taxes and controls on whisky but these only served to make ‘smuggling’ or illicit distilling and selling of  whisky  a matter for almost the entire country. Excisemen (or gaugers) were appointed to collect whisky taxes and catch ‘smugglers’. In reality, magistrates often imposed moderate fines and reaped their own rewards in whisky. Like everyone else, the residents of Badbea had their own browsts and sold whisky - that being one of the few ways they could get cash to meet the rent demands of the Laird.

The Whiskey Still by McIan

Northern Ensign, Thursday, July 17, 1879. Article I 

Part B continued from previous blog.

In these days of which I speak, smuggling was very common. Every house and family in the village had their "browst" or two, every year, some oftener. The excise laws were not so stringent then as they are now. A person caught in the very act then got off with a fine of 5s or l0s. A visit to Bailie Waters, Wick, before the court day by the accused party, and the relating of a sorrowful tale, had always the effect of reducing the fine to the very lowest. Bailie Waters was a man of a tender, sympathising heart, and no poor man ever failed in finding in him a true friend. But the law was made more stringent, and put in the form it stands in now, which did not, however, terrify the Badbea folks, or make them give up the trade. Not at all, it only made them more vigilant. They had a good friend in the innkeeper at Berriedale, John Dow. It was the gaugers stationed at Dunbeath that came the way of Badbea, Berriedale, and neighbourhood. They always called at the inn at Berriedale on their way west. No sooner did they arrive there than John dispatched a messenger to Badbea to apprise them of the approach of the enemy. The messenger lost no time in reaching Badbea- a distance of three miles, all perspiring and worn-out after his long run, for he ran the whole road. Then the hurry commenced. You could see three or four men running in different directions, carrying sacks of malt on their shoulders, some to the hills, and others to the rocks, all bent on concealing the precious stuff form the hawk-eyed gauger. Then the dreaded party appeared, and began his search. If successful, his find was scattered broadcast among the heather or grass as the case might be, but was scarcely out of sight when numbers of willing hands and fingers gathered what had been so ruthlessly scattered, proving the truth of the saying that there is "a time to scatter and a time to gather that which was scattered", and it is surprising how little would be lost.

Excise men at an illicit still near Gairloch late 19th C
Source: Am Baile Facebook

Another dreaded day was when the cutter, the smart "Atalanta", paid us a visit. She would sail in close to the shore, her captain scanning the face of the rocks with his glass, and woe betide the unfortunate bothy which came within the focus of his keen eye. When a discovery was made, a boat was at once manned and sent ashore, armed with cutlasses and pistol. These cutter-men climbed the face of the most perpendicular rock, with as much ease as they would climb the shrouds of the "Atalanta". Should they find any tubs or barrels in the bothy, they were hurled down the face of the rock, and reached the shore in staves. Then the match would be applied to the dry thatch of the bothy, and in a few minutes, all that was left were only a few smouldering embers.

The "Atalanta" was no sooner out of sight than these staves lying scattered on the shore were quickly collected together and handed over to David Sutherland, better known as "David Badbea", who combined the offices of joiner and cooper, and in twenty-four hours they were all in their former shape, and ready for use, and there was no want of willing hands who restored the burnt down bothy to its former state. It could not be said, however, that the gaugers were very exacting or troublesome. Many a good quarter of barley was sold by the gauger to the Badbea folks to be converted into Highland whisky, sent to their very door by his own carts and many a good gallon of the whisky made from his own barley did the gauger take in part payment for his victual. Your readers will be very apt to think from the forgoing statement that vice must have reigned triumphant in Badbea. Will they believe me when I tell them that in Badbea I first saw the light of day, and lived in it till I grew up to the years of manhood, and that I never saw a drunk person in it, nor ever heard of one of its inhabitants utter a profane oath. So that while they engaged so freely in a line of life contrary to the laws of the land, just because it was so common they had no other vice of any kind.

Two Godly Men

Perhaps this was to be accounted for from the example and precept of the godly John Sutherland, "John Badbea" as he was familiarly called, who also held meetings or readings in his own house every Sunday, when everyone in Badbea and Auchnacraig, of which more by and by, regularly attended. John was assisted by a few of the godly men in the place. Robert Grant, " Polbagh" was one of these, and always closed the meeting with a prayer. Full of the spirit of devotion, and unconscious perhaps of the impatience of a number of young ones, he generally lengthened out his supplications to a good long hour. Indeed, there were other folks there who, if they were asked their own opinion, would be very apt to say that the good earnest man, was a shade too long in arriving at the "Amen".

Cas Chrom or foot plough so useful in rocky landscapes

I said already that the inhabitants of Badbea lived a primitive life. This will appear more striking when we find that there was only one horse in the whole village. There was no a plough in it, a particularly made spade being the implement used in place of a plough to till the ground. The harrow was dragged behind a man, and the manure carried on women's backs in creels.

A crofter using a Cas Chrom to get beds ready for potatoes

Yet there were as fine young men and maidens to be found in Badbea as could be found anywhere. The young men of Badbea are scattered all over the world, some of them leading men in New Zealand, and others of them maintaining the honour of Britain's arms in Zululand, as we saw by your paper last week, and those whose lot it has been to remain nearer the place of their birth occupy as honourable and respectable a position in society as those who were more favoured with a more refined upbringing.

Planting potatoes on Skye. 

Note: The photos and illustrations were not in the original Northern Ensign article.

Simple Life. Article I, 17/07/1879 - Rambling Recollections of Berriedale, Badbea, and Neighbourhood - Part A

I said in the previous blog that I would post the articles written by A Native of Badbea aka Alexander Gunn. There are some challenges in doing this as some of the articles are quite long - probably too long for the average blog. I do not want to edit them as each paragraph has points of interest. I will try breaking each article down into manageable segments and posting into more than one blog. The pictures I have added were not with the original articles. They are all well known Scottish pictures and widely available on the internet. 

Introductory Paragraph

The first series of articles from I to XIII  was called Rambling Recollections of Berriedale, Badbea, and Neighbourhood. Article I was printed in the Northern Ensign on Thursday, July 17, 1879.

A crofter & wife planting potatoes Skye late 1880s

Rambling Recollections of Berriedale, Badbea, and Neighbourhood
Article I, Part A

I daresay most of your readers are familiar with Berriedale. Its position is such that the public - the travelling public in particular- are perfectly well acquainted with it and its beautiful scenery, but Badbea stands in a different position, and is but imperfectly known beyond the bounds of the Duke's estate. It is, therefore, better to give a descriptive sketch of it at the outset.

Badbea lies halfway between the Ord and Berriedale. The third milestone to the west of Berriedale stands at the head of Badbea burn, which divides the village in two. It is not seen or observed by the traveller from the turnpike road, as it lies nestling on the slope of the hills facing the sea, and looking right across the Moray Firth. It consisted, when I knew it, of twelve families, each having a small croft to cultivate. The crofts extend to the very edge of the high rocks, so rugged and dangerous that only here and there is there any possibility of getting down to the shore beneath.

Interior of a crofter's cottage, Skye about 1930

Each crofter possessed a few head of cattle, and lived quite a simple, primitive life, having little intercourse with the world beyond but for all that they were happy and contented. With abundance of fish with which the coast abounded, plenty of good potatoes and milk, and a fat pig, they did not know what want was, but to anything like luxury they were total strangers. Tea, which was at that time 8s per lb., and sugar (very inferior) l0p per lb., and loaf bread, were commodities almost unknown, and were never used, except on special occasions, such as a birth or a death.

Grinding corn, spinning and carding wool 1879
Source: Am Baile Facebook

The people were industrious and frugal. Every house had its spinning­ wheel, on which was spun the material for clothing the whole household, male and female, and if their homemade clothing did not come up to the fine finish of shop-bought, it had the advantage over it in warmth and durability. Spinning and carding were learnt by all the young women at their mother's knee, so that when they got houses of their own, they were at no loss to supply the wants of the goodman in respect of clothing. The only luxury they possessed was a "wee drap" of good genuine whisky, also of their own manufacture.

 Newhaven Fisherboy or His Faither's Breeks 1845 by Robert Adamson David Octavius Hill showing warm handspun clothiing. This boy is an orphan and has inherited his father's trousers as well as his work and responsibilities. 

Article I  - to be continued.

A Native of Badbea - Alexander Gunn 1820-1897

Alexander Gunn 1820-1897

I have a collection of newspaper cuttings from the Northern Ensign from about 1870 to 1897 signed

• A Native of Badbea.
•  A.G.
• Alexander Gunn.

Alexander Gunn was born in 1820 in Badbea to John Gunn and Marion Sinclair. He was one of 11 children. He was my half-first cousin 3 times removed or to put it another way Marion Sinclair was half sister to my great, great, grandmother Christina Sutherland.

 "Alexander had the privilege of a pious upbringing, both on the part of his father and mother, and he cherished with the deepest affection the hallowed memories of his younger days and loved to dwell on them in after years."

Alexander Gunn is of great interest to me because he was the author of my newspaper cuttings, writing many letters to the Editor of the Northern Ensign over a period of 40 years. His obituary makes the following comments:

"..being of a keen and observant nature and possessing an excellent memory, the scenes of his childhood and youth were remembered as vividly as if they happened only yesterday.

His subjects were most varied from steam for fishing boats...evictions, recollections of Badbea and Berriedale, recollections of his schools and school days, to politics and religion.

There was not a spot he did not remember, nor a family in its depopulated straths that he could not recall.

He remembered distinctly the "good old" smuggling days, and he had many interesting stories to tell of these, and also of the press gang times."

Alexander Gunn was a nineteenth century blogger. Apparently he once had the idea of publishing all his letters in a book but did not think there would be enough interest. Pity. The writer of his obituary in 1897 claims:

 "He was probably the best living authority on the history of the locality for the last sixty years."

I have been collecting the letters of Alexander Gunn from various sources for a while now and recently received some additional material from the Wick Carnegie Public Library which I acknowledge with gratitude. A few more letters may be located yet. I live in hope. Unfortunately the Northern Ensign pages are not yet in the British Newspaper collection nor available on findmypast.

I have quoted extracts from Alex Gunn's letters already on this blog but for the next few weeks I intend to do a series of posts of the "graphic sketches from his pen."  

A Challenge for Wick cavers.

The writer of Alex Gunn's obituary records a memory of Alexander Gunn which is probably impossible to verify but is tantalising.

Uag Eachin Cave

He remembered specially the smuggling in Uag Eachin or Hector's cave in which the ashes and remains of the peats used are still said to be seen; and the clear, pure stream of cool water used for many a gallon of spirits that never paid duty may still be seen at the east side of the cave. At the inner end of this cave is another to which access is only got by creeping on the hands and knees, and can only be seen by carrying a light. This cave, owing to the limestone nature of the rocks, has many stalactites hanging from the roof, while small stalagmites are also being formed on parts of the floor. In the other cave are also beautiful specimens of hart's tongue ferns, with large fronds fully eighteen inches long and three inches across. This is one of the few places in Caithness in which this beautiful and graceful fern is found in abundance. Mr. Gunn remembered those since his boyhood, nearly seventy years ago, and one of his unfulfilled wishes was to see these scenes, and to get fern and stalactites from Uag-Eachin for his fernery at home.

Unfortunately I do not have a photo of Uag Eachin cave but have included a photo of a cave at Ousdale very close by. There are numerous caves at the base of the cliffs here.

Source: Northern Ensign 6 July 1897 The Late Mr Alexander Gunn, Glasgow. Formerly of Badbea, Caithness

William McEwan Gamekeeper

North east of Boch Ailean at Leac Gilong
Source: Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No 148. With permission

"On a slope so steep that it seemed incredible they could have been cultivated by the plough, lay the little strips of fields. Potatoes and corn were growing to the extreme verge of the cliffs – the very sight making one feel nervous: one rock being pointed out as the spot where, only a short time before, a keeper named McEwen met a dreadful death by falling into the sea beneath while endeavouring to reach the eyrie of an eagle."

Source: A Holiday in the Highlands of Caithness. Northern Ensign, January 13, 1881

The Duke of Portland Buys Langwell

Norfolk Chronicle & Norwich Gazette Aug 22, 1857

In Scotland at the turn of the nineteenth century there were substantial changes in land use, with the establishment of large sheep farms and the accompanying removal of traditional crofters off the land. For a while the sheep farms brought increased returns for the landowners but by the middle of the century many sheep farms were being offered for sale and advertised as potential hunting and fishing estates. The Langwell Estate at Berriedale in Caithness had been converted to sheep farming by Sir John Sinclair, then sold to James Horne, and to the Duke of Portland in 1857. 

Gamekeepers were employed by landowners to prevent poaching (considered a serious crime), control predators and monitor the health and abundance of the wildlife on the estate.

The following story published in 1857 showed Mr McEwan as a Gamekeeper in Ausdale in 1857. The Ausdale farm and moors were part of Langwell. Benjamin Hall was probably a Factor managing Ausdale

.

William and Janet McEwan and Family

William McEwan came from a family of gamekeepers in Perthshire. His father Duncan was a Gamekeeper before him. William had married Janet (Jessie) Kinnear in Perthshire in 1840. Their daughter Jessie was born about 1846, son William about 1849 and son Archibald about 1851 all in Perthshire. Daughter Agnes was born in 1858 and son James in 1860 both in Berriedale, Caithness.

1861 Census

The 1861 census shows the McEwan family all living in Ausdale.

1871 Census

In the 1871 census daughter Jessie and son William have left home.  Son Archibald is now a Gamekeeper in Ausdale along with his father. William is found in the Wick parish in a cottage in Keiss as a Gamekeeper to his Grace the Duke of Portland.  I have not traced daughter Jessie.

1871 Census Ausdale

1881 Census

At the 1881 census Janet is now a widow but is still living at Ausdale as her son James has a position as Gamekeeper there.  Archibald is  Deer Forester in Aultibea, part of Langwell. I have not traced daughter Agnes.

1881 Census Ausdale

1881 Census Aultibea

Death of William McEwan Gamekeeper

Boch Ailean Southern Tip
Source: Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No 148. With permission

The cliffs near Berriedale are notorious and very dangerous. They vary in height from several hundred feet to over six hundred feet above sea level. Sea birds of many species have long lived in nests on the cliffs. Their eggs were gathered for food and the birds themselves were also eaten by those families unfortunate enough to be forced to live in rocky hamlets near the cliffs.

One of the jobs of a Gamekeeper was to engage in vermin control. Rat populations not only thrived on sea bird eggs but they also took the eggs of other ground nesting bird species that were very popular with hunters. Rats could decimate the grouse population in a season - a state of affairs that did not go down well with the hunting fraternity. William McEwan was examining his vermin traps by the edge of the Berriedale cliffs when he fell.

There are several newspaper records of the accident. The media use the name Malcolm McEwan but his formal death records use his correct name William McEwan

Sunderland Daily Echo. May 17, 1876

Frightful Death of a Gamekeeper

 A gamekeeper, named Malcolm McEwan, in the employment of the Duke of Portland, has met his death, in a frightful manner, at Ousdale, in Caithness. While engaged in trapping in the face of a rock, he lost his footing and fell to the base, a distance of several hundred feet. The body was mangled in

a sickening manner. Death was instantaneous.

Death William McEwan. 1876

There are two formal death records for William McEwan. The first was issued within a week of his death. The second from the Register of Corrected Entries was issued about a year later with verified detail: The cause of death was given: Falling accidently from Bogallian Head, a cliff about six hundred feet above the level of the sea, whilst examining Vermin traps on the edge of the cliff. Body found mangled at foot of the cliff.

William McEwan had worked trapping vermin for years and would have been conscious of the risks. He would have been instantly horrified when he missed his footing. Whether he fell down through the air or bumped along past the rocks and sea birds nests, the fall of six hundred feet was long enough for him to know exactly what was happening. How ghastly. Thankfully William’s death was instantaneous. William’s body was found at 7 pm on a May evening. 

Inver Hill just north of Boch Ailean
Source: Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No 148. With permission

Janet probably had that anxious feeling women get when husbands who work alone in dangerous environments are late home. She would have alerted the Langwell staff and a search party went out maybe by both land and sea and found William's body. Son Archibald signed his father’s death certificate. With three sons all Gamekeepers Janet probably experienced concern many times more in her life. Janet died in 1895.
William and Janet along with their son Archibald, who had remained at Aultibea until his death in 1914, are buried in the New Berriedale cemetery. A headstone marks their grave.

Berriedale Church and Berrriedale 'new' cemetery

Holiday in the Highlands - Langwell House Gardens

Holiday in the Highlands Part B

In 1881 an article was published in the Northern Ensign as part of a series called A Holiday in the Highlands of Caithness. Chapter V was about Berriedale and Badbea. My previous blog ‘Caithness Convoy’ was the second part of the article. This blog starts at the beginning of the article for reasons explained previously. 

Entrance to Langwell House at Berriedale, Highlands

"A cherished tradition in the neighbourhood is the fact that about 16 years ago the old Duke of Portland paid a surprise visit to his peer-less property in Caithness, intending to stay for three days and remaining five weeks. During the time he busied himself in laying out most of the extensive private walks and drives which have opened up miles on miles of superbly-grand mountain scenery. On the further side of the Langwell burn, but at a much lower level than the “Upper Drive,” is the principal entrance and carriage way, a smooth, beautifully-kept road.

For some distances it, too, passes under a leafy archway, and from it we obtained several new and almost awe-inspiring views of that ever interesting mountain torrent.

The bridge crossing the Langwell burn

Crossing the stream by a stone bridge, the road forms a junction with the upper path, and a little way further up the glen stands the keeper’s lodge – (our old friend of the Museum) – a cosy, homely little place, in the rear of which are the kennels, where, prince amongst the many canine beauties, was a splendid deerhound which, had he come under his notice, would, almost to a certainty have been immortalized by Landseer.

Langwell Gardens from Google Earth

Still keeping up the strath, which disclosed fresh objects of admiration at every step, we came upon the gardens, two large enclosures, surrounded by a wall eight or ten feet high, and sheltered on all sides from the keen winds off the neighbouring hills by noble old trees. Tall, narrow postern doors, occurring at intervals in the walls, gave the place a delightfully convent-like feeling.

House in Langwell Gardens.
      Source:www.scotlandsgardens.org

At one of the entrances, amid a perfect wealth of sylvan glories, stands the gardeners cottage, one wall of which is completely covered by a vast rose bush, of the species known as “the Rose of Sharon,” from the fact of its having no thorns attached. This beautiful plant had attained quite tree-like dimensions, the stem at the ground being several inches in circumference, while high up, round little white curtained windows, its flowers clustered in luxuriant profusion – a realization, for once, of the impossibly pretty cottages depicted in the story books of our juvenile literature. The interior of the cottage was equally bien ideal with its fair-like surroundings.

Langwell Gardens showing a wall.
Source: Bill Fernie, Caithness.org. 

Langwell Census 1881. Note the Gardener John Sutherland

and Neicy Cormack the Domestic Servant

The gardener, (another respected Sutherland clansman – the keeper, in turn, being a bulwark in himself of the Ross party) was either a widower or a bachelor, and presiding over his housekeeping was a young woman, a relative, distinguished by the unusual name of “Niecie,” who, with capable willing hands, made the face of everything to shine! In the gardens, beautifully laid out, and evidently carefully tended, we found the gardener, an elderly man, with a dignified, almost courtly manner, all his own, and an inexhaustible fund of quiet, dry humour  in his genuinely Scotch eye.

In agreeable contrast to beds of rare flowers, in almost tropical bloom, were substantial representatives of many old favourites – great banks of “forget-me-not,” clumps of “gardener’s garters,” a foot or two in circumference; and large enough to outfit every bachelor in Caithness !

Langwell Gardens

Source: www.scotlandsgardens.org

At the corners of the broad central walks were specimens, ten or twelve feet in height, of a tree, something evidently between a holly and a cactus, with prickly leaves of a dark brown colour, on long, graceful, arm-like branches.

As the gardener mischievously persisted in giving us, with the utmost gravity, the Latin botanical names of each plant or flower we remarked upon, this curiosity was also assigned some unintelligible title, leaving us as wise as before, till Niecie obligingly whispered, “The right name’s ‘Monkey Puzzles!’ His bees, of which he had a number of hives, were absorbing the gardener’s attention when we called. The new swarms, led off by their queens, were evidently desirous of “seeing life” before settling down to work, and flitted incessantly from one part of the garden to another, the danger being, of course, that they would extend their explorations over the walls, and emigrate to pastures new.

Langwell Gardens. 

Source:Bill Fernie Caithness.org

One specially lively colony “lifted” nine or eleven times in a week – one of their cloud-like ascents taking place while we were looking at them, clustering on a bush, and for some minutes there was an uncomfortable likelihood of their settling on the crown of the visitor’s hat! We left the gardens with the flattering feeling of having enjoyed a private flower show all to ourselves. Another of the old Duke’s promenades of which we carried away a very vivid recollection was a species of Marine Parade along the cliffs to the south side of Berriedale. Below us as we walked the flocks of white sea-mews circles and wheeled in their tireless airy manoeuvres. We were informed that when these sea birds are seen hovering over the water in large numbers at this season of the year, the fishermen take it as in indication that the shoal of herrings is near the shore, as the birds prey upon the fish."

The Fifth Duke of Portland

The old Duke of Portland referred to, must, according to the dates given, have been William John Cavendish Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland (12 September 1800 – 6 December 1879) a British aristocratic eccentric who preferred to live in seclusion. He had an underground maze excavated under his estate at Welbeck Abbey near Clumber Park in North Nottinghamshire. The various reports on his eccentricities make for fascinating reading.

The Abbey's kitchen gardens covered an area of 22 acres (8.9 ha), surrounded by high walls with recesses in which braziers could be placed to assist the ripening of fruit. One of the walls, a peach wall, measured over 1,000 ft (300 m) in length.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck,_5th_Duke_of_Portland

Despite his vast wealth the Duke of Portland was still collecting rent from the Badbea residents at that time.

 A Holiday in the Highlands of Caithness, Chapter V, Berriedale and Badbea, Northern Ensign, Thursday January 13, 1881.

I think it is likely that the gardens have been renovated since the 1881 article was written.

Caithness Convoy

A Holiday in the Highlands

In 1881 an article was published in the Northern Ensign as part of a series called A Holiday in the Highlands of Caithness. Chapter V was about Berriedale and Badbea. I will record the second part of the article for this blog and head back to the beginning next blog. The reason for this is that I have just written about Catherine and Christina who were both living at Badbea at the time this visit took place and may even have entertained these people.

A rare glimpse into Badbea hospitality 1881

The writer says:

A few miles along the coast in this direction, perched amongst the rocks, which descend sheer as a wall to the sea beneath, a depth of several hundred feet, is a little cluster of five or six homesteads of the most primitive character imaginable.

Stones and heather at Badbea

A lady, who chaperoned us on several pleasant excursions, volunteered one day to take us to call upon these out of the world neighbours, at Badbea, as the place is called. What a unique little colony we found ourselves amidst, after picking our way across the heather and rocks, surmounting several styles, and taking flying leaps over black “pots” in a peat-moss, where we lost our reckoning, encouraged by the advice to be cautious, and not to step on adders! “With good heart and our Lady’s grace,” however we reached our destination at last, and if the distance had been ten miles in place of two or three we would have walked every step of it with pleasure to receive the warm reception we met with at Badbea.

On a slope so steep that it seemed incredible they could have been cultivated by the plough, lay the little strips of fields. Potatoes and corn were growing to the extreme verge of the cliffs – the very sight making one feel nervous: one rock being pointed out as the spot where, only a short time before, a keeper named McEwen met a dreadful death by falling into the sea beneath while endeavouring to reach the eyrie of an eagle. The entire party were Gaelic-speaking – three-fourths being Sutherlands – but mostly all knew English, and marvellously good English too. One house, however, we were precluded from calling at, as the mistress spoke only her native language. The most pretentious of the cottages did not contain more than three rooms, and some only one – little “native” looking thatched concerns. The last of the group – standing only a few feet back from the edge of the cliff – gained great interest when we were told that when their children were young, the people were in the habit of tethering them to keep them from falling over the rocks!

A surprising happy contented look pervaded the whole colony, who possessed immeasurably more natural refinement and dignity than many of the denizens of large towns. Almost completely shut off from the outside world, and its hurried life – shut in by seas and rocks, they had all a distinctly self-sustaining air about them, as if constantly thrown on their own resources.

We felt as though we had got round the corner from modern civilisation, for a little while, where scarcely a rumour of the Eastern or any other “questions,” “crisis” or “embroglio” could reach our ears. Entering a cottage by what was evidently the ordinary door, we found ourselves confronted by some half-dozen Highland cattle, in a building closely attached to the dwelling house for warmth in the winter. 

Highland Cottage 1860 

Katherine Ellice

On the wall of the byre hung a sort of large fishing basket – this was the nest in which the hens laid their eggs – a couple in it at that moment faithfully fulfilling their destiny. From this novel vestibule, a door led into the kitchen, in the centre of which was a peat fire, the chimney consisting of a considerable hole in the roof, by no means directly over the fire, for the danger of rain or storm putting it out. Suspended from the rafters –ebony black with smoke- was an iron bar to which pots were hooked. In a corner of the room a hen was fastened by a foot, her flock of chickens darting about the floor, in imminent danger of being stepped on. Everything was very clean, and of boundless interest.

This photo of a Badbea house was taken probably twenty

years after the article was written but it is almost certainly

one of the houses visited, possibly the Gunn house mentioned 

below. The Badbea houses in the early nineteenth century 

were generally smaller and had no chimney

Built on the slope - of course - there was no flat land

From an inner (or more correctly, an upper room, for the houses were on the slope to such an extent, that though all on one floor, a person in the uppermost or parlour end, was several feet higher than one in the kitchen or lower end,) issued “the lady of the house,” who received us with genuine, natural politeness, making us feel instantly at home, which stamped her in our minds as one of “nature’s gentlewomen.” With kindly alacrity, a vigourous young woman, with loveable childlike eyes, was meanwhile heaping an armful of peats on the fire, filling the place with pungent hospitable smoke, which made its escape quite as much by the door as the chimney. 

China plates at the Helmsdale museun. The blue Willow 

Pattern was popular with some even leaving Badbea

 for New Zealand in 1839

The kettle was promptly swung on; marvellous china dishes, each with a story of its own, were disinterred from sundry presses and chests, and in a short time we were enjoying a welcome cup of tea, amidst surroundings the most charmingly natural possible. Taking our complexions in our hands, we wished exceedingly we could have prolonged the visit for a whole. The good souls were kindness and hospitality itself, and paid us the original compliment, telling us we were “fine, plain, homely cratures.” 

This 1881 census extract shows a 2 year old girl named Donaldina Gunn living with her parents Jessie and
John Gunn

The numbering of the houses does not indicate the number of houses at Badbea but the number of houses 

in the Berriedale district

The above three census records show the names of everyone living at Badbea on the night of the 1881 census

A short time back there lived in Caithness a number of preachers or evangelists mostly lay people , who held services in their houses on Sundays, the churches being frequently long distances apart. These “Fathers of Caithness” as they were called were held in the highest esteem and veneration, the people resorting to them from all quarters. One of these had lived at Badbea. And his honoured memory is treasured with affectionate respect. 

Caithness Convoy

On leaving a cottage the mistress of it invariably accompanied us as far as the next one, and introduced us the inmates, according to what is known as “Caithness convoy.” At the last house in Badbea we came upon one of the most beautiful children we had almost ever seen, a lovely little golden haired girl, whose parents had conferred on her the peculiar name of Dolina. 

A Blessing from a visitor

Dear, kindly Badbea folks! May Heaven ever richly bless their banks and their store, kail and potatoes!

Badbea landscape probably at the end of the twentieth century.

Source: A Holiday in the Highlands of Caithness. Chapter V – Berriedale and Badbea. Northern Ensign, Thursday January 13, 1881

Christina Sutherland, Female Servant and Wife 1830 - 1887

Birthplace Gartymore

So what happened to Christina Sutherland the servant and companion who had worked for nearly thirty years for John and Catharine without any payment? Christina had been born in Gartymore near Helmsdale in 1830 to William Sutherland and Christian McDonald. The small crofting township of Gartymore (Garstiemhor meaning the ‘big field’) near Helmsdale, Kildonan, was created at the beginning of the 19th century at the time of the Sutherland Clearances. The people were allocated tiny pieces of land at Gartymore and had to build their own houses, work the boggy land and somehow survive on the steep hillsides. It was hoped that they would take up fishing but they did not. They continued to live as crofters in very difficult conditions. Today at Gartymore there are many ruined crofts.

Her mark

From the documents where Christina records her mark X such as this one on Catherine's death certificate, we can probably assume she was illiterate and never went to school.

Census Badbea 1861

Badbea Census 1861

The first census record we have of Christina is 1861 but if, as Catharine said, she had worked for nearly thirty years, she would have started work at Badbea more like 1852 or 1853. She would have been about 22 years old at that time. Christina taking unpaid domestic work indicates how tough the employment options were, and also perhaps the opportunity to work in the household of a highly respected Christian leader as John Badbea had some benefits. By the 1881 census Catharine is shown as a crofter of three acres and Christina as a General Servant (Domestic) so the division of labour seems probably that Catharine is doing the outside croft work (as she had always done) and Christina the household & domestic chores.

Thirty years with no wages

Catharine Sutherland's Will

From Catharine's will (see previous blog for further details) we know that Christina Sutherland worked for nearly thirty years without receiving any wages. 

Badbea 1881

Badbea census 1881

There were only eight families at Badbea in 1861. One to notice was neighbour, Donald Sutherland living at Badbea with his wife Barbara and children. They were a family from Sutherlandshire. Donald and Barbara with an adopted son were still at Badbea in 1881. No doubt everyone in the hamlet knew each very well indeed. In July 1881 Barbara Sutherland died of pneumonia. Donald was now a widower (he was shown as a crofter and salmon fisher on Barbara death certificate). Being a widower would have been a difficult situation for a man trying to eke out a living in this brutal place.

Marriage

Some time after the death of Catharine on 19^th October 1882, Christina received a marriage proposal from her neighbour Donald Sutherland. She accepted. On Friday, 19^th October 1883, Christina married Badbea widower and crofter Donald Sutherland. 

Marriage of Donald and Christina

I think it is really poignant that this marriage took place on the anniversary of Catharine’s death. I can’t help feeling that Christina chose this date in memory of her dear friend Catharine. This would have been a happy wedding.

So widower Donald has a new wife and Christina, after all these years, has a husband and a home to call her own. She had some possessions of her own to bring to her new home. I really hope she had some comfort and good times with her new circumstances. I wish I could say they lived happily ever after but alas the good years were short lived.

Tragedy

In October 1887 four years after her marriage, tragedy befell Christina. For some unknown reason she was travelling alone, almost certainly on foot and away from home. October weather should have been all right but tragically it turned fatally cold.

Death Record of Christina Sutherland

Her death certificate reads:

Christina Sutherland. Married to Donald Sutherland, Crofter. Found 1887 October Fourteenth about 10 hours A.M. At Oldinabea (?) House, County Reay & Badbea. Usual residence Badbea, Berriedale, Female, Aged 55 years. (Supposed) Exposure to cold. D Sutherland Widower Present at finding Body. Donald’s signature is on the death certificate.

Langwell to Oldinabea

It is hard to be sure exactly where Christina got caught in the cold. The location is really hard to read on the death certificate. I am puzzled by the reference to County Reay and Badbea together as they are on different sides of north Highlands. There was a small settlement at Oldinabea (now called Aultibea) on the Langwell River but that is nowhere near County Reay. Christina was possibly walking on an old track between Reay and Badbea. Wherever she was she did not reach home. Donald went out, probably at the first light of day, to look for his wife Christina and found her.

Death record of Christina - Corrected Entry

Christina’s original death certificate uses the word ‘Supposed’ in relation to her death but the Register of Corrected Entries confirms she died of Syncope (loss of consciousness) from Exposure to cold for 24 hours. This entry also confirms she died in Badbea. Donald must have found Christina unconscious and somehow brought her home to Badbea where she died.  One record says she was 55 and the other 60 but calculating from her birth she was 57. It is not known where Christina was buried but it may have been the old Berriedale cemetery.

Aultibea on Langwell Water

I have included a photo of Aultibea showing Highlands hill country with Morven in the background. 

The photographer makes an interesting comment:

‘An old estate house which can be used as a bolt hole in a storm. Not a bothy but good option for shelter if you get a horrific day on the hills.’

Donald

Donald Sutherland stayed on at Badbea. The 1891 census shows his daughter Hannah and her husband and their little daughter Barbara living with Donald. Donald died on 3rd May 1891 aged 79. His son-in-law was present and signed the death certificate.

Christina's Marriage Mark X

Christina's Mark X on her Marriage record

Conclusion

Women were the very backbone of old Scotland. They battled unimaginable hardships to keep those in their households alive and well. At Badbea add to that the ferocious elements, impossibly small and unproductive plots of land, crippling rents, little medical support, demanding and selfish lairds. They were supposed to have alternative income streams but in this case the laird Donald Horne had shut down the fishing at Auchnacraig. At the opening of the Memorial, it was acknowledged that along with the difficulties of gathering past residents names, the names of daughters of families had to be omitted. So while the godly man John Badbea had a plaque all to himself, Catharine, his beloved niece who nurtured and nursed him for years is not mentioned. Christina who worked as a servant in Badbea for thirty years without any pay is also not mentioned. These two women despite almost overwhelming odds made a real difference to the world in which they lived and the people they cared for.  During their lives they both had more than their share of sorrow and both died tragically before their time. Neither left descendants to remember them or had grandchildren named after them. I have found them both to be great examples of true loyalty and dedication that characterized so many of the men and women of old Badbea.